HLS Streaming Guide
Learn how HLS uses M3U8 playlists, media segments, adaptive bitrate variants, and browser players to deliver live and on-demand video.
HLS basics
M3U8 playlist
A text manifest that points the player to media segments, durations, variants, keys, and subtitles.
Media segments
Small TS or fMP4 files downloaded in order so playback can start before the full video is available.
Adaptive bitrate
A master playlist can expose multiple qualities so the player switches when bandwidth changes.
Typical playback workflow
- Load the M3U8 URL in an HLS-capable player.
- Fetch the playlist and resolve relative segment URLs.
- Download segments, append them to the media buffer, and switch quality when needed.
Practical notes
- Use HTTPS and correct CORS headers for browser playback.
- Keep segment duration consistent to reduce stalls.
- Encrypted streams must expose reachable key URLs.